Nasser,
Ah, well, perhaps I did conflate and read too much into your dim-lights comments--sorry.
The other issues you raise are indeed legitimate and a very hot topic in museums circles--repatriation of stuff, etc. For the longest time, however, the imperial powers in Western Europe felt themselves, rightly or wrongly, from time to time the very culmination of "Western Civilization", and thus somehow the rightful care-takers of anything (and everything) from the Levant westward. The history of the Ottoman Empire is far enough outside of my learning to not comment further than saying: "history is always written by the victors..." and "to the victors go the spoils". This isn't fair or right, but it is the way it is. Conquest and empire-building are today seen as a bloody business, supposedly now a relic of the 20thc and before, but we live in the world those generations left us. In fact if I'm not too mistaken the "countries", borders, and nation states in your own native land were invented out of whole cloth for geo-political/expedient reasons by the British after WWI, in cahoots(?) with the Turks. How far would we have to turn back, redrawing the maps of history to set things right there? Then how far to set things right everywhere?
Interesting anecdote (carefully purged for publication here): a few decades ago a group of Native Americans petitioned a US state museum demanding the artifacts they'd held (excavated archaeologically) be returned. The archaeologists and others protested, pointing out the group demanding the objects were in no way related to/descended from the ancient people who deposited them. The courts went in favor of the Native group and the objects were handed over. A few week's later a festive gathering was held several states away, and a the Native Americans celebrated by tossing all the artifacts into a deep lake. When asked why on earth they were doing this, they said that the ____ people from that area were their hated enemies in antiquity and that they got the objects back just to desecrate them. The state museum bowed to the do-gooder spirit of the courts, they were all made fools of, and now a whole lot of valuable (culturally) material-culture is gone.
Your questions as to who owns what after its dispersal for centuries is a conundrum. The French started the craze for Middle Eastern "treasures" under Napoleon, the Brits quickly followed suit, and do not forget that a huge volume of these items (genuine and fake) were sold ostensibly legitimately by nefarious "dealers" throughout the Middle East to eager museums in Europe and beyond in the 19th and 20thc. If you want, log onto the ICOM/International Council of Museums website, or the AAM/American Association of Museums and read what's going on with this issue. It's getting so hairy museums now are reluctant to even accept an object as a donation/gift unless the donor can provide a clear record of legitimate ownership going back to "day one", lest they accidentally accept a looted object. The fear is that they do not want to create a market for illicit goods. One the other-hand, all the treasures of the Baghdad Museum went someplace when Iraq was invaded. Stolen by invading soldiers? Sold by local dealers? Looted? Or just hidden by museum staff for safe keeping? Who knows..... I'm sure there are enough wealthy private collectors to keep the market for illicit goods going strong, and as wary as museums have become, also a lot more cool stuff for them to buy museums won't touch, further dispersing our material-culture into limbo-land or down a rat-hole where none of us will ever get to see it, study it, or get our city god's statue back. IMO the museums would have been a better repository than a billionaire's vault in Tokyo, at least museums can and do boast of what they own and let us in to see it, even in dim light
